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Jaffar Aghazadeh; MOHSEN PARVISH
Abstract
The scarcity and high cost of basic goods along with rampant inflation is the main characteristic of the last years of Pahlavi's rule. Following the increase in revenues from the sale of oil, the government spent a part of these revenues on foreign investment, as well as granting loans to developing ...
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The scarcity and high cost of basic goods along with rampant inflation is the main characteristic of the last years of Pahlavi's rule. Following the increase in revenues from the sale of oil, the government spent a part of these revenues on foreign investment, as well as granting loans to developing countries with very low interest rates, and a part on the purchase of military equipment. A problem whose result was nothing but the imbalance of payments and severe inflation. This inflation had a great impact on the economic and living conditions of the people; As the food and basic goods of the people, if they were found in the market, had taken on a high price, and housing and rent prices had increased almost 300 times. In the current research, the price of basic goods and inflation as well as the way the Pahlavi government faced this crisis in the last years of the government are analyzed with descriptive and analytical methods and by referring to documents, archival documents, sources and the press. The findings of the research show that the increase in the price of oil in the world markets and the excessive demands of the executive bodies significantly increased the amount of liquidity in the country and caused an increase in demand, which was not the result of the excessive growth of the import of basic goods and food, which itself was a factor for causing acute inflation and as a result people's dissatisfaction.
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Marziye Mansoury; Jamshid Noroozi
Abstract
Iran was conquered by the Allies of World War II in Shahrivar 1941/1320. This occupation, which continued until 1325/1945, led to political, economic and social crises in Iran. One of the components of monitoring the economic crisis was the emergence of problems in the field of food and lack or rarity ...
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Iran was conquered by the Allies of World War II in Shahrivar 1941/1320. This occupation, which continued until 1325/1945, led to political, economic and social crises in Iran. One of the components of monitoring the economic crisis was the emergence of problems in the field of food and lack or rarity of basic food items for the people. Knowing why this crisis occurred and how to manage it is a light for future economic studies.This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on the contents of documents and press of these years, studies and investigates how and why the tea crisis as one of the basic items. This article tries to answer the question of why and how the tea crisis occurred in Iran between 1320 and 1325. The hypothesis of the research is that this crisis occurred as a result of a set of internal and external factors.According to the findings of the research, the external factor is the cause of this crisis and the internal factor is the aggravator. Under external factors, things like the effects of the Second World War on tea imports, the role of the Middle East logistics center in restricting tea imports, the Allies' control over Iran's affairs and the appropriation of transportation facilities can be considered. And among the internal factors, things like hoarding, corruption of government officials, lack of proper implementation of government measures to resolve the crisis, and monopolization of the trade of this commodity have been taken into consideration.
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nabi omidi
Abstract
The first(1949/1955) and the second(1956/1962) development program are the beginning and consolidation of the development program in the history of Iran. Although these seven-year plans did not achieve the expected results, they have an important position because they initiated the transformation in ...
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The first(1949/1955) and the second(1956/1962) development program are the beginning and consolidation of the development program in the history of Iran. Although these seven-year plans did not achieve the expected results, they have an important position because they initiated the transformation in the country's planning system. The third(1962/1968) and fourth(1968/1973) development program were also among the successful programs of the Pahlavi era, so that the third plan, as the first comprehensive development program of Iran, surpassed the targeted growth rate by 6%, And the fourth development program has been the most successful program in Iran in terms of economic growth. After the preparation of the fifth(1973/1978) development program, internal and international developments created a gap between the managers of the program organization and the country's government, so that this program was fundamentally revised one year after its approval and implementation. This program is the first and only development program in Iran so far that was revised. The purpose of this research is to answer the question, what factors caused the fifth development plan to be modified?. This research is a qualitative research that has been carried out by descriptive-analytical method. Four factors 1. The increase in oil prices in the world markets and the growth of Iran's foreign exchange earnings. 2. The government's interest in industrial and infrastructure development in an all-round and accelerated manner. 3. Disagreement between the political officials and managers of the program and budget organization and 4. Combining the five-year program with the annual budget can be introduced as the main points of revision in the fifth program.
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hadi bayati
Abstract
The issue of money and related issues is one of the issues that has always been the concern of rulers. . In the meantime, due to the competition and conflicts of the Safavid and Ottoman governments, each of them used special monetary policies to advance their goals and hit the opposite government. During ...
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The issue of money and related issues is one of the issues that has always been the concern of rulers. . In the meantime, due to the competition and conflicts of the Safavid and Ottoman governments, each of them used special monetary policies to advance their goals and hit the opposite government. During this period, the gold and silver required for minting coins in Iran were mostly supplied from outside the country due to the lack of mineral resources, and one of the ways to enter the country was through the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Based on this, the present research with a descriptive-analytical method tries to investigate the effect and consequences of monetary policies in the relations of the Safavid and Ottoman governments, relying on gold and silver ornaments. The results of the research indicate that the Ottoman government prevented gold and silver from entering Iran in certain periods of history in order to advance its political goals and economic sanctions against the Safavid government. In contrast, the Safavid government adopted two different policies to overcome the Ottoman trade embargoes; One is the supply of muskets from inside Iran and the other is the supply of muskets from outside Iran. In addition, the use of these monetary policies had many consequences for both governments, including the change of Iran's trade routes from the Ottoman territory, the lack of gold and silver ornaments in Iran, and the deprivation of the Ottoman government from the income of the Hajj pilgrimage..
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Roghayeh Aghabalazadeh; Hosseyn Abadian
Abstract
ran's favorable commercial position on the one hand and the need of Iran, Russia and Europe for some of each other's products on the other hand caused Iranian, Russian and European businessmen to engage in two-way commercial activities in the field of export and import of merchandise, therefore various ...
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ran's favorable commercial position on the one hand and the need of Iran, Russia and Europe for some of each other's products on the other hand caused Iranian, Russian and European businessmen to engage in two-way commercial activities in the field of export and import of merchandise, therefore various commercial companies were established in Iran. who engaged in commercial activities and exchange. One of the trading houses that was established during the Qajar period with the purpose of exchange and then trading was Ettehadieh company, which first started its activity in Tabriz and then continued in Tehran around 1312 AH.The Ettehadieh Company took advantage of the proximity of Iran and Russia and established trade relations with European merchants through the sea routes and the northern route to transfer merchandise from the northern route, as well as through the land routes and the southern sea, as well as the western and eastern caravan routes. This article has tried to examine the trade routes for the transportation of goods and their role in the development or non-development of foreign trade, considering the geographical conditions and the land and road routes inside Iran during the Qajar period, relying on the family documents of the Ettehadieh Company.
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Farzad Khoshab; Tooran Toolabi; Seyed Alaeddin Shahrokhi
Abstract
Pīshkesh as a viable traditional structure in Iran was also common during the Safavid period. Influenced by cultural changes of Perso-Turkish patterns in post-Islamic Iran, this tradition has been emerged as a tax with different functions. Among these, meeting the financial needs of the court was one ...
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Pīshkesh as a viable traditional structure in Iran was also common during the Safavid period. Influenced by cultural changes of Perso-Turkish patterns in post-Islamic Iran, this tradition has been emerged as a tax with different functions. Among these, meeting the financial needs of the court was one of its main important functions. Concentrating on Pishkesh characteristics and its financial functions, this essay aims to shed light on some unexplored aspect of Pishkesh within the internal structure of Safavid government. At the same time, this question has been considered that what economic consequences Pishkesh led to? A bunch of literary material which are extracted from historiographical texts, travelogues and administrative booklets constitute the factual basis of this research. An explanatory-descriptive approach is employed to advance the research question of the paper. In conclusion, it seems that Pishkesh provided part of financial expenses of Safavid government. For example, in some special occasions like Nowruz and coronation ceremony, significant gifts were donated to the Safavid monarchs. As a matter of fact, both the state (actually the Shâh) and those who prepare the Pishkesh benefited from its advantages. The state exploited it to strengthen its financial might and the donor benefited it to improve his position in the political ranks. Hence, the Safavid administrative structure who enjoyed directly of this invaluable source, aimed at getting Pishkesh more and more. This situation led to the emergence of financial corruption as an inevitable outcome.
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Maryam Bolandi; Kazem Mighani; Foad Pour aryan; Mirhadi Hosseini
Abstract
In Iran, the discovery of oil and the formation of new industries caused the emergence of a new class of industrial workers. A class that was able to become the source of developments in the contemporary history of Iran and play a role as an active actor in this arena. However, most of the researches ...
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In Iran, the discovery of oil and the formation of new industries caused the emergence of a new class of industrial workers. A class that was able to become the source of developments in the contemporary history of Iran and play a role as an active actor in this arena. However, most of the researches are based on library works and party press, and less attention has been paid to archival documents and petitions. Therefore, reading and researching in Arayez documents is a new approach in writing the history of Farudostan. This article tries to use the petitions of Iranian oil industry workers (1320-1332). Check the welfare situation and workers' exposure to these issues. The findings of this research show that the workers of the oil industry protested their welfare status in parallel with being aware of their rights, and by striking and forming unions, they showed their protest and were able to gain important points The current research method is descriptive and analytical and the necessary information has been collected through the review of relevant sources, documents, and documents, with a historical and documentary approach. The limits and focal point of spatial, temporal, and thematic research, was Iran during the second Pahlavi period, from Shahrivar 1320 A.H. until the coup d'etat of August 28, 1332.
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farahnaz bahrampor; manizheh Sadri; rahim shohratifar
Abstract
The expansion of Iran's relations with the West since the Nasser period made Iranian educated people more familiar with society and new political and economic ideas prevalent in the West And newspapers were one of the modern information tools that could draw people's attention to the country's political ...
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The expansion of Iran's relations with the West since the Nasser period made Iranian educated people more familiar with society and new political and economic ideas prevalent in the West And newspapers were one of the modern information tools that could draw people's attention to the country's political and economic backwardness and make the traditional society of Iran more familiar with modern ideas. Some publications such as Soraya, Akhtar, Habal al-Matin, Parrosh, etc., were published abroad due to the strangulation prevailing in the country and entered Iran secretly. These publications played an important role in the beginning of reforms and economic modernization of the Mozaffari period. The research findings of the article show that the authors of these journals are familiar with Iran's economic issues, and while being aware of the political and economic developments in the world, they are also aware of the economic ideas of the West, and the issue of economy in their opinion as It was considered a scientific category that everyone should be aware of With this point of view, while finding the root of the economic problems, the press also put forward reform and modern proposals in the newspapers to get out of it, which seems to be influenced by the economic ideas of the West. The purpose of the article is to examine the economic situation of the Mozaffari era from the perspective of the press and their economic approach to solving problems in that period.
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Samaneh Fazlibeygomghale; seyed Hassan Shojaee_divkalaee; Reza Shajariqasemkheili
Abstract
The geographical location of Anatolia as a bridge between Asia and Europe made this region one of the highways and centers of world trade until the age of discoveries. On the eve of the establishment of the Seljuks of Anatolia government this economic position was lost as a result of continuous wars ...
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The geographical location of Anatolia as a bridge between Asia and Europe made this region one of the highways and centers of world trade until the age of discoveries. On the eve of the establishment of the Seljuks of Anatolia government this economic position was lost as a result of continuous wars between Muslims and Byzantines for several centuries. The establishment and Consolidation of the rule of the Roman Seljuk government in Anatolia brought with it the revival of the commercial economy of this region. Several factors played a role in the revival and prosperity of Anatolian commercial economy in this period. Therefore, this research seeks to answer this question with the historical research method What factors have been effective in the revival and prosperity of Anatolian commercial economy during the Seljuks of Anatolia period? The findings of the research show that civil and public benefit measures such as the construction of caravanserais, zawiyas and bridges, taking over ports and commercial cities, providing commercial facilities such as reducing customs tariffs, paying the damages of traders and merchants from the state treasury, the construction, equipping, development and protection of Anatolian regional and extra-regional markets and finally the conclusion of bilateral commercial treaties by the Seljuks of Anatolia government were the most important factors in the revival and prosperity of the Anatolian commercial economy during the Seljuks of Anatolia period.
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shoukat afshari; shoukat afshari
Abstract
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, after his coup d'etat on Mordad,28, 1332, after suppressing the left parties, made the labor unions completely dependent on the government, which was controlled by Savak. In addition to using Savak, he practically neutralized the propaganda of leftist groups by granting welfare ...
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Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, after his coup d'etat on Mordad,28, 1332, after suppressing the left parties, made the labor unions completely dependent on the government, which was controlled by Savak. In addition to using Savak, he practically neutralized the propaganda of leftist groups by granting welfare privileges to workers. Workers, especially women workers, were suppressed or fired even in case of legal demands. Iran Women's Organization, which was formed with the slogan of social and economic awareness of women, was expected to take effective steps in the field of helping women workers; But due to dependence on the government, it did not have independence. The current research aims to explain performance of the Iranian Women's Organization towards working women from 1342 to 1355; Therefore, it is expected to answer the main question, how can the role and actions of the Iranian Women's Organization be analyzed and evaluated in order to improve the conditions of working women? The argument raised is that the Iranian Women's Organization, despite the initial steps taken to help familiarize working women with their rights and help their well-being, because it was under supervision and control in line with the direction of the Pahlavi government, failed to improve the conditions in practice. They are fruitful. The approach of research is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected by documentary method and based on library sources.
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Mahboubeh Sharafi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze social issues through political conflicts using sources of political literature. research on the Razor and Pen treatise; The debate writing work of Asr Ilkhani focuses on that by Wasaf; The famous historian of this period has been written. The question is: How ...
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The purpose of this article is to analyze social issues through political conflicts using sources of political literature. research on the Razor and Pen treatise; The debate writing work of Asr Ilkhani focuses on that by Wasaf; The famous historian of this period has been written. The question is: How is the reflection of the social problem resulting from the conflicts between the military and the bureaucrats expressed in Wasaf's treatise, and how are the solutions to overcome the social crisis designed and modeled? The claim of the research based on the method of historical explanation shows: military men in the Ilkhanid era; In addition to the military role, they achieved a special socio-economic role, which is the result of the transfer of "military tyranny" by Ghazan and his successors to the military amirs. On the other hand; debates with the sword of the expressive pen; Bipolarization is the structure of the society that tries to help solve the problem and get out of it by providing a solution. Also, other findings show; The impact of the mentioned factor has been effective in the social and political collapse of the society of that time and the disintegration of patriarchal rule after the death of Sultan Abu Saeed.Key words: Ilkhanan, social collapse, Shamshiro Qalam treatise, Wasaf Shirazi
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mohammad jafar chamankar; galaya haghparast
Abstract
The Bushehr market, located on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, has a long history dating back to the establishment of Bushehr port in the Afshariya era. Over the years, it has evolved and been shaped by the ruling political and economic ideologies of the Zandiya, Qajar, and Pahlavi eras. During ...
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The Bushehr market, located on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, has a long history dating back to the establishment of Bushehr port in the Afshariya era. Over the years, it has evolved and been shaped by the ruling political and economic ideologies of the Zandiya, Qajar, and Pahlavi eras. During the first Pahlavi era, the Bushehr market experienced various fluctuations. Despite its lack of prosperity in past years, the market was greatly impacted by the discourse surrounding the "New Iran" and the governing institutions in Bushehr were influenced by this discourse. This research seeks to investigate the role of the Pahlavi government in Bushehr market.The present research was carried out using descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents. The results of this research show that the Bushehr market during the first Pahlavi era was strongly influenced by government institutions such as the municipality, governorship and finance, so that these institutions took the necessary measures in the field of pricing, dealing with overselling and underselling, as well as fighting against smuggling of goods in the market. During times of crisis, like the aftermath of the government's fall and Shahrivar 1320, they responded promptly by taking essential actions to ensure the continuous operation of the market, which served as the economic center and lifeblood of the city, rather than shutting it down.
