Tahqiqāt-e Târix-e Eqtesâdi (Economic History Studies of Iran)

Performance the economic-social of the Iranian Women's Organization for the working women of Iran since1966-1976 AD

Document Type : .

Authors

shoukat afshari 1
shoukat afshari 2

1 phd student of the history of Iran after Islam, Khwarazmi University, Tehran

2 Assistant Professor Kharazmi University, faculty of Literature, Department of History.

https://doi.org/10.30465/sehs.2024.46190.1941
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the topic: After the coup d'état on August 28, 1332, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, by regaining his political power, suppressed all political activists and parties. He tried to cut the hands of the left wing from the labor unions as much as possible by implementing some symbolic reforms for the growing class of workers. Instead, the formation of trade unions increased under the supervision and control of SAVAK. The implementation of land reforms increased the number of urban workers.The government started a strict monitoring system by creating organizations and centers under its control. With the formation of the Women's Organization, it was expected that there would be an improvement in the situation of women workers, but with the formation of the Rastakhiz Party, this organization deviated from its initial goals.
Issue:
 With the modernization measures of Mohammad Reza Shah's government, the working class, especially working women, grew and developed more than before. The increase of workers resulted in the extensive activity of the security agency (SAVAK) in such a way that their movement to the Ministry of Labor disrupted the organizational work of this institution. In general, from 1942 to 1957, the labor policy of the Pahlavi government was that if the workers Stay away from politics and obey the government to take measures to ensure their welfare and implement the welfare and economic provisions of the labor laws.
Following Mohammad Reza Shah's development program and land reforms, the country faced a flood of rural migrants to the cities. Women with 33 percent were part of the fact that after staying in the city for a while, the need for their employment to meet the needs of the family was raised. According to the statistical yearbook of 2015, the amount of literate women in 1345 was only 17.9%, in 1347 only 21.4% and in 1350 about 25%. Illiterate and unskilled women are often employed in jobs such as spinning, weaving, weaving, workers They were producers, packers and labelers, janitors and daily workers and cleaners. Working women faced big problems such as low wages and discrimination, ignoring labor laws by employers. Female workers were often ignored and fired by their employers; Because women workers were cheap productive labor, replacing men who protested and were eventually fired due to low wages. The actions of the women's organization as a woman-centered institution in helping the marginalized women of the society, especially the working women, are worthy of consideration.
 
Question:
 How can the role and actions of the Iranian Women's Organization be analyzed and evaluated in order to improve the conditions of working women?
 
 Background:
The studies conducted on the function of women's organization often dealt with how this organization was formed in general or the city branches of this organization, such as: Women's rights movement in Iran / Taghian, decline and suppression from 1280 to the 1957 revolution, by Elizeh Sanasarian. ; Iran Women's Organization is the work of Hamira Ranjbar, who has provided a detailed description of the structure and members of this organization. Investigating the performance of the women's organization in the Pahlavi period (case study of Fars: 1345-1357) Asnat Babadi, article on the performance of the women's organization; A case study of Bushehr province (1347-1345) by Elham Malekzadeh, Taybeh Idrisi.
 
Purpose:
 The purpose of this research is to examine the actions of the women's organization to improve the social status of working women, which despite the important actions that were taken after the formation of Rastakhiz Party, all these actions were marginalized.
 Methodology: This article has been collected with a descriptive-analytical approach and the data is documented and based on library sources.
Findings:
The women's organization took several important measures to help working women, including the following.
1-Establishing a kindergarten: In the first step, by establishing a kindergarten for working mothers, the women's organization solved the concern of the working mother about taking care of the child and did not receive rials from the working women for taking care of the children.
2- Compilation of the Labor Law Training Booklet: The Iranian Women's Organization also compiled the book "Working Women's Rights" and tried to educate low-educated and illiterate women about their labor rights by teaching the main provisions of the Labor Law. This book was illustrated and could be very helpful in teaching.
3- Literacy: In some centers of the women's organization, literacy classes were held for both working mothers and their children.
4- Skilled manpower training: Women's organization in some cities in educational centers gave women training in building electrical wiring, car repair, masonry, building plumbing.
Discussion and conclusion: With the formation of Rastakhiz party in 1353, the women's organization suddenly entered the political arena by changing the provisions of this organization. By holding numerous meetings in cities and factories, this organization did more to familiarize women with Rastakhiz Party. The Women's Organization, which recently took minimal measures in the field of the rights of working women and improving their situation and eliminating discrimination; Now he encouraged working women to participate in Resurrection Party and become its members. Afkhami, the Secretary General of the Iranian Women's Organization, has clearly announced that the organization's goals and its involvement in the propaganda of Rastakhiz Party are out of line. In this way, the only institution that could be useful for the working class of women in the absence of trade unions got involved in the country's macro-politics and ceased to continue its services.
Keywords:
 socio-economic, Iranian women's organization, Mohammad Reza Shah, working women, labor union.
 

Keywords

Economic-social Iranian Women'
s Organization
Mohammad Reza Shah
working women
labor union
References
Abrahamian, Yervand, (1386), Iran between two revolutions from the constitution to the Islamic revolution, translated by Ahmad Golmohammadi, Mohammad Ibrahim Fatahi, Tehran, Ni publication. . [in Persian]
Afkhami, Gholamreza, (1381), Development in Iran 1357--1320, Memoirs of Manouchehr Gudarzi, Khodadad Farmanfarmaian, Abdul Majid Majidi, Tehran, Gam Nou. . [in Persian]
Amanat, Abbas, (1400), History of Modern Iran, translated by M. Hafez, Bija, Fararghed publication. . [in Persian]
Ahmadi Khorasani, Noushin, Parvin Ardalan, (1382), Senator (Mehrangiz Manouchehrian's activity on the background of women's rights struggles in Iran (1342-1357), Tehran: Tehsehan. . [in Persian]
General Directorate of Manpower Studies and Statistics, (1343), Human Issues Research Collection, Tehran, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs . [in Persian]
Elahi, Siros, (2536), a comparative study of the socio-economic status of working women in the cities of Tehran, Qazvin, Kashan, Iran Women's Organization: National University of Iran. . [in Persian]
Bahramitash, Roksana, Salehi Esfahani, Hadi, (1397), Political economy of women's employment in Iran 1357-58, translated by Mahshid Karimai, Tehran, Shiraz. . [in Persian]
Come, you offended woman, the dust of centuries of oppression, N.d, the cultural secretariat of the world confederation. . [in Persian]
Iran Studies Foundation, n.d, State Society and Women's Movement, editor Gholamreza Afkhami. . [in Persian]
 Iran Studies Foundation, Oral History Program, (1982), interview with Mahnaz Afkhami, interviewer Fereshte Nourai, Washington, DC ,September 11.[in Persian]
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, (1345), The White Revolution, Tehran: Bank Melli Printing House. . [in Persian]
Thornoff, Ellis, Bt. A comment on the employment status of women in Iran, (1351), Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, sampling of human resources in 1348. [in Persian]
Habibzadeh, Afshin,( 1387), political participation of the working class in Iran, Tehran, Kavir. . [in Persian]
Memoirs of Majid Abdul Majidi, (1985), by Habib Lajordi, volume 16, tape number 1. . [in Persian]
Rajaee, Abdul Mahdi, (1396), The Rise of Textile Industry in Isfahan, Isfahan, Isfahan Municipal Cultural and Recreational Organization. . [in Persian]
Ranjbar, Hamira, (1385), Iranian Women's Organization, Tehran, Institute of Contemporary History Studies of Iran. . [in Persian]
 zibainejad, Mohammad Reza, (1388), Identity and Gender Roles, Tehran: Presidential Center for Women and Family Affairs. . [in Persian]
Sanasarian, Elizeh, (1384), Women's rights movement in Iran/insurgency, decline and suppression from 1280 to the 1357 revolution, translated by Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani, Tehran, Akhtaran. . [in Persian]
Statistical Yearbook 1353, (1354), Program and Budget Organization of Iran Statistics Center, Tehran. . [in Persian]
Women's Organization, (1351) Women and Election Law, Tehran, Women's Organization. . [in Persian]
Women's Organization, (2535), report on the activities of the Iranian Women's Organization, the second half of 2534 and the first half of 2535. Tehran.[in Persian]
Iran Women's Organization (1354), employment of women in decision-making positions in the private and public sectors, Tehran: Keihan Researchers Office. . [in Persian]
Iranian Women's Organization,N.d, rights of women workers, Bija. . [in Persian]
Iranian Women's Organization, report on the activities of the Iranian Women's Organization, the second half of 2535 and the first half of 2535. Tehran. . [in Persian]
Faqih, Bano, (1341), "The slums of the south of the city in the seminar on social issues of Tehran, May 1341, Tehran Faculty of Literature, Publications of the Institute of Social Studies and Research. . [in Persian]
Foran, Jan, (1390), Fragile Resistance, translated by Ahmad Tedin, Tehran, Rasa. . [in Persian]
Iran Statistics Center, National Statistical Yearbook 2535, (December 2453), Tehran, Program and Budget Organization. . [in Persian]
Mohammad Ali, Katouzian, (1391), Political Economy of Iran; From the constitution to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty, Tehran: Center, 18th edition. . [in Persian]
Kar, Mehrangiz, (1378), Women in the labor market, translated by Parvin Raisi Fard, Tehran, Roshangaran and Women's Studies. . [in Persian]
Kian, Mehdi, (1386), trade union movement in Iran, Bija. . [in Persian]
Kian, Mehdi, (1359), scientific study of working and living conditions of textile workers in Iran, translated by G.N. Joya, Tehran: Aburihan. . [in Persian]
Lajavardi, Habib, (1378), Trade Unions and Autocracy in Iran, translated by Zia Sedki, Tehran: New Publishing. . [in Persian]
Lilaz, Saeed, (1392), the second wave, authoritarian modernization in Iran, the history of the third to fifth construction program, Tehran, Nilufar. . [in Persian]
Mateen, Afshin, (1399), East and West, the intellectual history of Iranian modernity, translated by Hasan Pushharaki, Tehran, Shiraz. . [in Persian]
Moghadam, Valentin, (1400), industrial development, culture and policies of the working class; A case study of industrial workers in Tabriz during the Iranian Revolution, translated by Ata Rashidiani, Journal of Political Economy Criticism. . [in Persian]
Nomani, Farhad, (1357), The Working Class of Iran, Tehran, Hamgam. . [in Persian]
Halliday, Fard, (1385), Dictatorship and Development of Capitalism in Iran, translated by Fazullah Nikayin, Tehran, Amir Kabir. . [in Persian]
Harris, Kwan, (1398), Social Revolution; Politics and welfare state in Iran, translated by Mohammad Reza Fadaei, Tehran: Shiraz, second edition. . [in Persian]
Magazines
Weekly bulletin of women's organization,1351. N0. 267.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1351. N0.270.
Weekly bulletin of women's organization, 1351. N0.275.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1351. No. 279.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1351. No. 397.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1351. No. 423.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1351. No. 408.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 459.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. N0. 460.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 433.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 432.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 343.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 441.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 456.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 447.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 446.
Weekly Bulletin of Women's Organization, 1355. No. 470.
Resurrection of the workers, 30/1/2535, No. 11.
Documents
Organization of Documents and National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran (SAKMA) 0037/275/000491.
Sakma, 275/0043/000491.
Sakma, 275/0052/000491.
Sakma,293/04023/0010.
 Sakma, 293/0011/040232.
Sakma,293/040232/0035.
Museum and Documentation Center of Iran Oil Industry, file number 193704
.
Latin books
Fallaci, Oriana,1976. Interview with History,Translated by JohN Shepley, New York, Liverighat.
 
 
Tahqiqāt-e Târix-e Eqtesâdi (Economic History Studies of Iran)
Volume 13, Issue 1 - Serial Number 25
September 2024
Pages 344-384

  • Receive Date 17 July 2023
  • Revise Date 09 April 2024
  • Accept Date 27 May 2024

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us