نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• نسرین میرآخورلو ¹
• محبوبه شرفی ²

¹ دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ ، .دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ،واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره)شهرری ،تهران ،ایران

² دانشیار گروه تاریخ ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ,واحد تهران مرکزی ،تهران،ایران

چکیده

  نظام پولی و ضرب سکه در دورۀ فروپاشی ایلخانان و تیموریان نشان دهندۀ تداوم دیوانسالاری ایرانی توأم با فرهنگ و سنت مغولی - ترکی است . برخی مؤلفه های این نظام پولی مانند واحدهای پولی ،القاب و عبارت و نوشته ها استمرار داشته اند ،اما مواردی دچار تغییر و دگرگونی شده اند.تجقیق حاضر می کوشد به این سوال پاسخ دهد،باتوجه به تحلیل ومقایسه مسکوکات دوران مورد پژوهش،روند تداوم و دگرگونی ایجاد شده چگونه بوده واقدام های انجام گرفته از سوی سلاطین و حاکمان موجب چه تحولاتی در این نظام شده است؟یافته های پژوهش با بهره گیری ازروش تاریخی ،مبتنی بر رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و بااستفاده از منابع تاریخی و سکه های موجود در موزه‌ها و تصویرها وکاتالوگ های در دسترس،حاکی از آن است که نظام ضرب سکه حکومت های محلی طغاتیمور و سربداران در قلمرو شرق ایران برپایۀ فلز طلا ،نقره و مس  تداوم یافته است،در زمینه خط و نقش ها ،لقب ها ، برخی شعارهای مذهبی و درج نام چهار خلیفه از عهد ایلخانی و تراز سنی آنان تبعیت کرده است ، به استثنای دوره علی مویدکه غالب نوشته ها و عبارات سکه ها مانند سکه های اولجایتو، با تراز شیعی ضرب شده اند، آوردن نام دوازده امام  وآیات مذهبی از ویژگی های مهم سکه های دورۀ علی موید است. در نظام ضرب سکۀ دورۀ تیموریان ، واحدهای پولی دینار،تومان ، درهم و میری  همانند دورۀ ایلخانان استمرار می یابد ،لیکن واحدهای پولی تنکه ،کپکی و شاهرخی نیزبا معیارهای متفاوت متداول بود .درخصوص استفاده از خط و زبان ترکی توام با خط عربی وفارسی ، برخی نقش ها  و عبارت های روی سکه ها دگرگونی هایی ایجاد شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• نظام ضرب سکه
• سربداران
• طغاتیمور
• تیموریان
• تداوم و دگرگونی

Extended Abstract

Continuity and Change in Coinage System from the Decline of Ilkhanids Dynasty to the end of Timurids Dynasty in Eastern Territory of Iran

In the time period between the death of Sultan Abu Saeed and Timur empire in eastern Iran, the competitors were in conflict with each other. They include the princes remained from Genghis Khan Dynasty, governors of local dynasties and affiliated groups of religious movements. In meantime, Tugha Timur governed in western Khorasan and Gorgan; Herat`s Kartids gained governance in northern Khorasan by increasing the influence on Sistan and Kerman; and Sarbedaran also governed in western Khorasan. The social and political changes in this period led to the invasion of Timur to eastern Iran.

Coinage system and monetary exchanges are considered as bureaucracy indicators in Timur period and before it. This system is a regular and common set of material, monetary units, titles motifs, geometric shapes, phrases and inscriptions used in the coins. The coinage system in the mentioned time period were based on metal coins of Ilkhanids period, but the phrases and texts of some coins made some changes in its structure and properties due to political relations between rulers and religious, economic and social conditions of the governments. In order to study the changes or continuity of coinage in this time period, it is necessary to know the process of continuity and change in calligraphy, language, motifs, weight, carat, phrases and slogans used on the coins of decline time of Ilkhanids by looking the Ilkhanids coins and then it is also necessary to compare and study changes in monetary units, language, motifs and other characteristics of coinage system after the defeat of local governments and establishment of Timurids government.

We assume that in decline time of both Ilkhanids and Timurids dynasties, coinage of metal coins with different weights were continued and religious and political legitimacy of rulers played kings played an important r in coinage system, while the religious attitude of societies were also considered and it is evident in different styles of coinage.

Research Background: In case of introduction and description of the coins in terms of weight, material, titles of kings, phrases, inscription and motifs, abundant data are shared. Also, some thematic studies in format of articles have compared and analyzed them. These articles include: "the study of religious policies of Sarbedaran (738-783A.H.)"; "numismatics in the time of Shah Sultan Husayn Bayqara in the historical territory of Great Khorasan (by emphasis on religious approach)"; coinage system and monetary exchanges in Timurids period in eastern territory of Iran". These articles also discuss in brief the historical course of governments. The thesis "change of motifs and religious rals of Iranian coins from Ilkhanids to Safavids periods about the roles of coins and religious approach" is considered as a model for how to perform a research, but in the mentioned researches, the issue of continuity and changes done in the coins in decline period of Ilkhanids and Timurids periods (in the eastern territory of Iran) is not death with comparatively and comprehensively.

The present research is based on a historical method, a analytic-descriptive approach and information of historical written books, pictures of the coins in catalogues and the works which deal with gathering the pictures of coins and also the coins maintained in museums. Therefore, the present writing at first tries to study the necessary data from the historiographical works and historical resources and coins and then to study the issue of continuity and changes resulting from coinage system and conditions of coins in this period.

Research Findings: coinage system of local governments of Timur and Sarbedaran were continued in eastern territory of Iran based on gold, silver and copper. In case of calligraphy, motifs, tles, some religious rituals and using the names of four Ilkhanids caliphs were inserted like Sunni decoration except Ali Moayyed period in which most of writings, inscriptions and phrases of coins such as Oljaito coins were coined with Shiite decoration. Using the names of 12 Imams and religious verses are considered as important characteristics of the coins in Ali Moayyed period. In coin system of Timurids, monetary units such as Dinar, Toman, Derham and Miri were continued as Ilkhanids period but monetary units such as Shahrokhi were common with different criteria. In case of using Turkish language with Persian and Arabic languages, some pictures and phrases were changed on the coins.