نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمد دالوند ¹
• محمدامیر احمدزاده ²
• محسن سراج ³
• محمد رحیم ربانی زاده ⁴

¹ دانشجوی دکترای تاریخ ایران اسلامی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران

² دانشیار، پژوهشکده تاریخ،، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی تهران، ایران

³ استادیار، گروه تاریخ، پژوهشکده امام خمینی( ره )،تهران، ایران

⁴ استادیار، گروه تاریخ، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی تهران، ایران

چکیده

مهم‌ترین‌ بخش ‌اقتصاد ایران‌ در‌‌‌‌ عهد ناصری، اقتصاد ارضی ‌بود‌ زیرا‌ مهم‌ترین‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ بخش‌ درآمد سرانه‌ کشور‌‌ و درآمدهای ‌دولت ‌از‌ این ‌بخش ‌تأمین ‌می‌شد. در‌ این ‌مقاله ‌مالکیت ‌ارضی ‌در‌ لرستان ‌و‌ تغییرات ‌آن ‌با‌توجه‌ به‌ شیوه‌های ‌تولید‌ حاکم ‌بر اقتصاد‌ ارضی ‌لرستان‌ عهد‌ ناصری ‌یعنی ‌شیوه ‌تولید‌ معیشتی ‌و‌‌ شیوه ‌تولید ‌سرمایه‌دارانه‌ و ‌همچنین ‌مناسبات ‌‌تولید ‌برآمده‌‌‌ از ‌آنها‌‌‌‌‌ در‌‌‌ اقتصاد ‌‌‌ارضی ‌‌این‌ منطقه ‌به‌ شیوه‌ مطالعه‌‌ تاریخی ‌‌بررسی‌‌‌ شده‌ است‌‌‌‌ و‌ تلاش ‌شده‌ به این ‌پرسش ‌اصلی‌ پاسخ‌ داده‌ شود‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ که‌‌‌‌ مناسبات ‌تولید‌ و ‌‌مالکیت ‌بر ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌وسایل‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ تولید ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌در ‌‌اقتصاد ‌‌‌‌ارضی ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌لرستان‌ در ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌عصر ‌‌‌‌ناصری‌‌‌‌‌ در‌‌ هر‌ دو‌ شیوه‌ تولید ‌‌ذکر ‌شده ‌به‌ چه ‌شکل ‌بوده‌ و ‌کدام ‌نظام ‌بهره‌‌برداری، ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌شیوه‌ی‌ غالب‌ توزیع ‌محصول‌ بین‌ مالک‌ و ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌زارع ‌‌بوده‌‌‌‌‌ است؟ ‌نتایج ‌پژوهش ‌نشان ‌می‌دهد ‌‌‌‌‌که‌ در ‌این‌ منطقه‌ چهار‌‌ نوع ‌‌مالکیت(قبیله‌ای‌،‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ خصوصی‌،‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ خالصه‌ و‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ وقفی­) وجود ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌داشت ‌که‌‌‌‌‌‌ شیوه ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌غالب‌ بهره‌برداری ‌در ‌آنها‌ مناسبات ‌‌‌‌تولید‌ مزارعه‌(‌سهم‌بری‌)‌بود‌‌‌‌‌ و ‌همین ‌‌نظام‌ بهره‌‌برداری ‌مهم‌ترین ‌عامل‌ در‌ جلوگیری ‌از‌ امکان‌ رشد‌ و ‌‌‌‌‌‌توسعه‌ نیروهای ‌تولید ‌‌‌در ‌‌منطقه ‌بوده ‌است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مالکیت ارضی
• لرستان
• نظام بهره‌برداری
• عوامل تولید
• عهد ناصری

Extended abstract

Land ownership and exploitation systems in the Naseri period (the case of Lorestan)

Introduction: The most important system of exploitation is the relations of production, which includes the relationship of ownership (the relationship of people with each other in relation to the means of production and work product), exchange, distribution, consumption and the position of people and groups in the production process. (Soudagar 2536: 52; Nomani 1358: 27) The main issue of this research is to explain and understand the system of exploitation and production relations in the agrarian economy of Lorestan and its changes during the Naseri period, and it seeks to answer this question that in the process of changes What was the land ownership of Lorestan during the Naseri era, the dominant exploitation system in this region, and what was the trend in terms of the development of production forces?

Hypothesis: The relations of farm production with its various forms were the dominant exploitation system in lordly and khalase lands. Due to the inherent characteristics of this system, which made the serfs dependent on the lord or the government, there was no consequence other than handing over an important part of the production to the owners of the land and water for the labor force, and practically the possibility of the development of the production forces in the farm was blocked.

In this research, with the method of historical study, the information and data related to the research problem have been identified and collected from the sources with the tool of logbook, and based on the questions raised, they have been analyzed in a qualitative way with the help of documentary knowledge. In the next step, how and how to explain the forms of ownership in Lorestan and their exploitation systems were investigated and the research hypothesis was put to the test.

The purpose of the research: The main purpose of this research is to review and identify the obstacles to the economic development of Lorestan during the Naseri period, in order to provide the knowledge of the causes of underdevelopment in the region and pave the way for development in the province.

Background of the research: A lot of research has been done on the topic of this research at the macro level. For example: the book "Owner and Farmer in Iran" written by Lambton (1362) "The Serf Lordship System in Iran" by Mohammad Soudagar (2016) the book "Land Issue and Class War in Iran" written by Baqer Momeni (1359) the book "The Lordship System in Iran" "Absent in Iran" written by Hamid Abdullahian (1392), "Economic History of Iran" by Charles Essavi (1362) and "The Lost Century" written by Ahmad Syif (1378) are among these researches. From the recent researches in the west of the country: Hamid Abdullahian and Sarveh Fattahi (1391) in the article "Comparative analysis of the land exploitation system in Kurdistan and the group exploitation system..." Shayan Karami and Dariush Rahmanian in "Land Ownership in Kermanshah" First Pahlavi period), Shiva Mohammadi and Mazhar Adway (1399) have discussed this issue in the article "Investigation and explanation of the mutual relations between stewards and owners of Kurdistan in the Qajar and first Pahlavi periods..." We have used the general achievements of these researchers in this research, but in none of the above researches, there is a sufficient discussion about the exploitation system, especially the production relations of Lorestan during the Naseri era, therefore, it is necessary to conduct a new study, which is included in the article. Efforts have been made in this field. Therefore, the innovation of this research is that it specifically deals with the issue of production relations and its effect on underdevelopment in the region.

Findings: The most important exploitation system of land ownership in Lorestan was the farmstead. In the local documents of Lorestan, the existence of farm production relations is repeatedly mentioned: in 1312 AH, according to the farm contract between Asad Khan Valizadeh (owner) and Agha Hossein Zare, the water product of Jabagh located in Khorram Abad was divided between the lord and the serfs in the form of half share. It meant that 50% of the produce belonged to the owner and the other 50% belonged to the farmer, however, the serf was required to pay sarjeft (items such as oil, firewood, and goats) to the owner as well. (Kamam, wali-zadeh family documents) among the subjects of Papi region in Lorestan, especially in the subsistence production method, if the owner's land was rainfed, it was cultivated by assigning the three factors of production (labor, seeds and cattle) to the serfs. During the harvest, the crop was divided into ten parts, two tenths (one fifth) went to the Khan and eight tenths (four fifths) went to the farmer; There was another method of farming to divide the harvest between the parties in this area, which was called "bur", which the lord's steward assessed fifteen days before harvesting, one third in the water crop and one third in the crop. He used to separate one-fifth of the tax for the benefit of the lord. Another model of farming was "charik-dari", according to which the owner, by hiring an agricultural worker for four factors of production in irrigated properties, and in irrigated properties, by removing the water factor, gives him the other three factors to cultivate; At the time of harvest, the farmer's share was a quarter of the crop. (Izadpanah 1376: 122/1) in Silakhor and Borujerd regions, the distribution of crops (rainfed and irrigated) was based on the three-kot model. (Interview with Jamshid Khosravi 1400/9/5) In addition to the lordly properties, there are farms in the Khalsa lands of Lorestan. It was also customary in the Khalesejat region of Jaidar (an area in present-day Poldokhtar) that the irrigated crop was divided into three plots and the rainfed crop was divided into four plots. However, three parts of the rain crop were the right of the serfs and one part belonged to the court. We have mentioned Sarjeft as one of these unfair practices. Leasing, parceling, and hired labor were other exploitation systems in Lorestan, which included a smaller scale than the farm.

Conclusion: Farming with its various forms was the dominant exploitation system in Lorestan during the Naseri era, in which, due to reasons such as the loss of a large share of the surplus in favor of the owner and other non-productive people, and giving part of it as a tax, it was possible for direct labor to progress. Work was not available.

Key words: land ownership, Lorestan, Naseri period, exploitation system, production factors