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Habiballah Esmaili; Jamshid Noroozi
Abstract
The meaning of the interpretation of Nowruz is that in the historical and literary texts of different periods until the end of the Safavid period, in accordance with the dominant discourse, Nowruz is assumed to be equal to the great days and according to the authors of these texts, have had and will ...
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The meaning of the interpretation of Nowruz is that in the historical and literary texts of different periods until the end of the Safavid period, in accordance with the dominant discourse, Nowruz is assumed to be equal to the great days and according to the authors of these texts, have had and will have an effect on the yesterday, today and tomorrow of the inhabitants of Iran. The proofs of this statement are found in a treatise from the Sasanian era, Athar al-Baghiyyah al-Biruni, and narrations mentioned in some Nowruznameh of the Safavid era. In addition to the mentioned texts, according to the geographical scope of Nowruz culture, some Nowruz narratives written in Transoxiana were also examined, and the difference in the prevailing view from a geographical perspective was also revealed. The difference between the interpretation of Nowruz in the Safavid era Nowruz Nameh and the interpretation of Nowruz in the Nowruz Nameh in the other cultural area of Nowruz, namely Transoxiana, proves the existence of an Iranian type of Nowruz Nameh. In regard to above mentioned discussion, it had been compared the genealogy, three interpretations of Nowruz: the interpretation in terms of Proximity to effective days in historical fate with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach.
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Freshteh Akbarian; Abdolrahman Hassanifar; Mohammadsalar Kasraie
Abstract
Dealing with "people" in a new meaning that indicates their important position and role in the political and social arena with the beginning of constitutionalism and can be seen clearly in the opinions of prominent thinkers such as Naini. This emergence and manifestation of thought in a new format In ...
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Dealing with "people" in a new meaning that indicates their important position and role in the political and social arena with the beginning of constitutionalism and can be seen clearly in the opinions of prominent thinkers such as Naini. This emergence and manifestation of thought in a new format In a way, it is considered to be in the relationship with the modern world. But the issue that exists about Naini in general and his opinion about the position of people in particular are two different views; the first view considers Naini as a thinker whose views are He considers the role and position of people to be the same as the modern world; And the second point of view considers Naini as a religious scholar of new thinking, who based on the principles and foundations of thought in Iran (Iranian-Shiite Islam), according to the conditions and requirements of the time, proposed a new idea about the role and position of the people. In the first point of view He understood the modern world and in the second point of view it is just an alignment and he did not understand the essence of the modern era. In this article, the ratio of Naini's opinions about the people with the principles and foundations of the modern state is investigated using a descriptive-analytical method.
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Shamsedin Amraei; Abbas Ovise; Sidsaheb Barzin; Saleh Aminpoor
Abstract
According to the specific geographical climate and agricultural life, and the central shepherd that was institutionalized and common in Iran and Lorestan, land, owner and servant, determined the political and economic relations of each region. The land reform that was issued by the Shah in 1341 to get ...
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According to the specific geographical climate and agricultural life, and the central shepherd that was institutionalized and common in Iran and Lorestan, land, owner and servant, determined the political and economic relations of each region. The land reform that was issued by the Shah in 1341 to get out of many internal and external social tensions was designed and implemented to grow and develop and improve the indicators. The heterogeneous socio-economic and political structure due to the regional power of landowners and subjects caused what was interpreted as the law and the manner of implementation and division of property between owner and subject from Tehran to Romeshgan. Different interpretations based on the material and spiritual interests of both parties Took, the lack of awareness of the executive agents and the peasants against the power of the owners caused a lot of tensions in the Romeshgan area. Now we are; In this article, we will examine the economic and social impact and its results in Romeshgan through the methods of field, descriptive and analytical studies.
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Hadi Bayati; Ahmad Borjlu
Abstract
The intense economic rivalries between Iran and the Ottomans during the Safavid period are among the issues that overshadowed the relations between the two countries. So that the rulers of the two countries continuously and extensively used economic tools as leverage on each other. One of the economic ...
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The intense economic rivalries between Iran and the Ottomans during the Safavid period are among the issues that overshadowed the relations between the two countries. So that the rulers of the two countries continuously and extensively used economic tools as leverage on each other. One of the economic tools that played an important role in the political and economic relations of the Safavid and Ottoman governments was silk. During this period, silk, as one of the most important currency commodities, always played a major role in the urban economy and domestic and foreign trade of the Safavid and Ottoman governments. Accordingly, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the role of silk as an economic tool in the relations between the Safavid and Ottoman governments. The results of the study indicate that the Safavid and Ottoman governments tried to use various functions of silk and deprive the enemy of its sources of income, to force the other government to change its foreign policy behaviors and to surrender. To force against their wishes.
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Hasan Zandiyeh; Ahmad Dastavan
Abstract
In Islam, marriage can be categorized into two groups: temporary (Nikah mut'ah) and permanent. The former was ubiquitous during the Qajar dynasty, always existing in Iranian history and continued when the Qajar dynasty ruled over Iran. Generally speaking, it may be noted that temporary marriage was established ...
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In Islam, marriage can be categorized into two groups: temporary (Nikah mut'ah) and permanent. The former was ubiquitous during the Qajar dynasty, always existing in Iranian history and continued when the Qajar dynasty ruled over Iran. Generally speaking, it may be noted that temporary marriage was established in the history of Iran. Depending on various social conditions such as insecurity, famine, economic crises, or peace and quiet and improved economic situations, this type of marriage probably had various functions under different circumstances and historical periods, however. Based on this, the main question of this research is that what were the social functions of temporary marriage seen in marriage contracts during the Qajar dynasty? That is, why did temporary marriage occur during this period? The major claim is that the practice of temporary marriage stemmed from different reasons including to sexual appeal, earning income and addressing women’s basic needs, taking religious tips, female infertility, escaping everyday life, learning marriage etiquettes, the instrumental view of a man toward a woman as an ornament of the house, prosperous men’s efforts on keeping up with the Joneses, females’ contributions in agriculture, and political and economic interests.
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Ali Salarishadi
Abstract
Transoxiana has special and diverse characteristics that have led to various types of economic livelihoods and the multiplicity of aspects of its material life. It is inferred from geographical writings and historical sources that this region had a high level of economic life and material livelihood, ...
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Transoxiana has special and diverse characteristics that have led to various types of economic livelihoods and the multiplicity of aspects of its material life. It is inferred from geographical writings and historical sources that this region had a high level of economic life and material livelihood, as well as being famous from a scientific and cultural point of view. Long history of human life and urbanization, existence of many productive villages, nomadic life around it, location in a special geographical position in terms of regional and international trade routes, the existence of numerous rivers, fertile soil, the existence of local government and city-government in The total situation had created a level of individual and social well-being as well as a relatively fair distribution of wealth in the region. It is assumed that the economic and material life of Transoxiana enjoyed a certain prosperity. Now this article intends to examine the various aspects of the economic activity of the diverse transatlantic material life in the interconnected system in order to find out why the issue of high level of material life and prosperous livelihood of the people of this system relies more on primary and primary sources
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EmamAli Shabani; Mohammad hassan Pourghanbar
Abstract
Rice was one of the main export items of Iran to Russia during the Qajar period. This important issue can be mentioned from the point of view of financial value, volume and on the other hand, significant contribution to Iran's trade balance with Russia. In the meantime, the export of this product was ...
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Rice was one of the main export items of Iran to Russia during the Qajar period. This important issue can be mentioned from the point of view of financial value, volume and on the other hand, significant contribution to Iran's trade balance with Russia. In the meantime, the export of this product was done mainly from Mazandaran and Gilan, as important and long-standing centers of production, faced with serious challenges in the years 1300 to 1304. Therefore, this article tries to answer the question, what obstacles and problems did Iran's rice export to Russia face in the last years of the Qajar period? The authors of this article have found out that, with the descriptive-analytical method and relying on rare and new archival documents ,the Prohibition of rice export by the central government at different times, the occurrence of famine in Russia and the need of Russians for more food, the existence of the problem of smuggling and illegal transportation of rice, Transportation problems due to the lack of modern equipment and proper communication infrastructure, Product shortage and sharp price increase in the domestic market, the monopolistic approach and command economy of the Soviet government and finally, the conflict between the interests of traders and brokers in the rice market with the interests of the masses of people in northern Iran appeared as the most important challenges of rice export to Russia in the considered time period
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Azim Shahbakhsh; Yaser Mollazaei
Abstract
Iran, as the epicenter of earthquakes, has experienced numerous earthquakes and aftershocks in different historical eras, including the Safavid period. The significance of this catastrophe was such that its report was not neglected by historians and European travelogues writers. They recorded the course ...
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Iran, as the epicenter of earthquakes, has experienced numerous earthquakes and aftershocks in different historical eras, including the Safavid period. The significance of this catastrophe was such that its report was not neglected by historians and European travelogues writers. They recorded the course of the earthquake based on what they saw, heard and also adapted from other historical sources. What adds to the importance of these reports; was the attitude of these two groups towards the impact that was imposed on people's lives during and after the earthquake. In this regard, the present study tries to use descriptive-analytical method and data collection in a library manner to answer the question of how the occurrence of earthquake in the Safavid period in the view of historians and European travelogues writers, could affect people's social life? The result of this article shows that in the attitude of historians and European travelogues writers, in addition to paying attention to the casualties and destruction of people's residential infrastructure, the occurrence of the earthquake could also affect people's public thoughts and beliefs.
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Shahram Gholami
Abstract
The economic crisis of 1929 was one of the most important economic crises in the twentieth century, beginning in the United States and spreading immediately to other countries. As a result of this crisis, extensive changes in economic and social planning occurred in Iran and most countries of the world. ...
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The economic crisis of 1929 was one of the most important economic crises in the twentieth century, beginning in the United States and spreading immediately to other countries. As a result of this crisis, extensive changes in economic and social planning occurred in Iran and most countries of the world. This study by using the archival documents and written sources by analytical-descriptive method, try to answer this question: what were the consequences of the economic crisis of 1929 on the Iranian carpet weaving industry? The hypothesis of this study is that the world economic crisis was a major variable in the direction of Iran's economic planning, including the establishment of a carpet joint stock company. The research findings show that Iranian carpet exports fell sharply due to the economic crisis in the US market and trade competitions. Due to Iran's foreign trade monopoly program and the formation of monopoly companies, carpet exports had some fluctuations. However, the government sought to overcome to foreign trade by monopolizing foreign trade and setup a joint-stock company, but despite the growth of carpet exports in 1931 and 1932, its production never reached the pre-crisis position of the global economy. The formation of Carpet Joint Stock Company could not improve its position, as a result, this caused widespread unemployment in parts of Iran that were heavily dependent on the production and export of carpets.
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Shayan Karami
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to review the theory of history by criticizing of the Theory of History Error. In other word, the research has two concerns, the first is the need to explain the necessity of the theory of history and the second is to revise the theory of history error. The main question ...
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The purpose of this research is to review the theory of history by criticizing of the Theory of History Error. In other word, the research has two concerns, the first is the need to explain the necessity of the theory of history and the second is to revise the theory of history error. The main question of the research is what is the theory of history? And how can recognize an error in the theory of history? This research has been done by historical method of error analysis in six stages. Findings show the knowledge of history has been sacrificed of conflict between Marxism and opponents Marx’s theory of history. In other word, one of the harmful consequences of WWII was the destruction of the knowledge of history. Opponents of Marxism, such as Popper, have attacked the roots of historical knowledge by formulating the theory of history error. Therefore, revising the theory of history error is an important step towards improving the science of history. The theory of history error is based on error assumptions; because, history is not knowledge based on unique events and historical knowledge is formed based on common historical experiences. Also, the assumption of the impossibility of the theory of history is a mistake; because, history is an important part of any social theory. Although the error of the theory of history has been disastrous so far, it is not appropriate to completely reject the knowledge of history. The growing wave of violence in the world and the signs of countries preparing to start of WWIII show that repressing the knowledge of history has not led to the expansion of global peace and security.
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Alireza Mohseni Abolkhari; Esmail Hassanzadeh
Abstract
The existence of financial corruption creates a problem for political systems because it plays a role in creating or deepening the gap between the political system and society, creating political dissatisfaction and revolution. However, in the etymological studies of Iran's Islamic Revolution, it is ...
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The existence of financial corruption creates a problem for political systems because it plays a role in creating or deepening the gap between the political system and society, creating political dissatisfaction and revolution. However, in the etymological studies of Iran's Islamic Revolution, it is not yet clear what role and position dissatisfaction with financial corruption has in the space of causes of political dissatisfaction with the Pahlavi rule. The current research has chosen to study the slogans of this revolution to resolve this ambiguity. The question is: "According to the slogans of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, what effect and role did the phenomenon of dissatisfaction with financial corruption have in the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution?" With the method of content analysis, the result is that: in the slogans of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, dissatisfaction with financial corruption is the second cause of dissatisfaction with the government, after dissatisfaction with the political situation, and therefore a necessary condition for the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution. In their slogans, revolutionaries protested against rent, embezzlement, general form of financial corruption and smuggling. Also, the second characteristic of the political system demanded by the chanters as an alternative system to the Pahlavi rule is to be free from financial corruption.
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Javad Morshedloo; Maghsoud Ali Sadeghi Gandomani; Jalil Karami; Hadi Baharloo
Abstract
This article aims at providing an explanation for some aspects of the problem of development in Qajar Iran. It's Focus in on Pīrbâzâr, a famous village in Northern Province of Guilân, which hosted a growing volume of Russian-Iranian trade in late Qajar period and changed to be an important ...
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This article aims at providing an explanation for some aspects of the problem of development in Qajar Iran. It's Focus in on Pīrbâzâr, a famous village in Northern Province of Guilân, which hosted a growing volume of Russian-Iranian trade in late Qajar period and changed to be an important harbor up to the Russian Revolution. As a matter of fact, Russian development of Transcaucasian railway along with the launching a modernized shipment in the Caspian sea in the second half of 19th century were the main causes behind an unprecedented growth of Iran-Russian trade. Meanwhile, lack of any modern infrastructure which linked Anzalī to Rasht, provided the opportunity for Pīrbâzâr to appear as the main harbor in this situation. Based on first hand sources as well as archival material and applying a descriptive-explanative approach, it seeks to explain how Russian-Iranian marine trade affected the traditional pattern of transportation in Guilân and what causes prevented Pīrbâzâr to become a modernized harbor. This study may help us to attain a better understanding of the multidimensional problem of "development" in late Qajar Iran.
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Majidreza Moghanipour; Ashkan Rahmani
Abstract
In the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, major changes took place in the traditional organization and methods of production and supply of carpets in the country, the main reasons for these changes should be sought in the commercialization of Iranian carpets and the influence of foreign factors. ...
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In the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, major changes took place in the traditional organization and methods of production and supply of carpets in the country, the main reasons for these changes should be sought in the commercialization of Iranian carpets and the influence of foreign factors. This commercial approach to carpets led to the emergence of different and new structures in the carpets produced in some areas. Areas such as Kerman, which had a more direct relationship with foreign traders and customers in the form of European and American companies investing in carpet production, saw the most changes in the appearance of their carpets. But it seems that the extensive changes in Kerman carpets at this time cannot be related only to the presence of foreign companies; the main question in this study is the historical analysis of indigenous and local factors influencing these developments along with external factors. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection in the form of documents and libraries. According to research results, the most important factors in the extensive carpet developments in this region are as follows: The deep impact of shawl weaving in Kerman carpets, the presence of creative designers and style owners, the effect of technical features of Ravar rural area carpet weaving and the support of some local rulers, extensive activity of domestic traders in the field of carpet production and the region carpets export, the establishment of Iran Carpet Company in the first Pahlavi period, along with the presence of foreign investors in the production of Kerman carpets.
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Forogh Yazdani; Ali Bigdeli; Hossein Abadian
Abstract
This study examines the causes and factors of the formation of the Foreign Exchange Commission in 1929 in order to deal with the outflow of foreign currency from the country and the consequences of that policy in increasing the export of agricultural products. To advance this policy, the Ministry of ...
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This study examines the causes and factors of the formation of the Foreign Exchange Commission in 1929 in order to deal with the outflow of foreign currency from the country and the consequences of that policy in increasing the export of agricultural products. To advance this policy, the Ministry of National Economy and then the Economic Council were formed in the following year to oversee the country's liquidity. The most important strategy of the country's monetary program from this year onwards was to adopt an austerity policy, that is, the commission determined what products should bring into the country and how much of the allocated currency they could receive. At the same time, traders had to export domestic products at the rate of the currency they had exported, so that the currency could be returned to the country's treasury. To strengthen the value of the national currency, purity was the first priority of economic planning, as it prevented the export of foreign currency. So, the main question of this study is how did the government act to deal with the economic crisis and the shortage of its foreign exchange resources, and what was the result of those actions? This article analyzes the mentioned policy in a descriptive-analytical method and relies on reliable sources as well as statistics, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses.
