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Javad Kiya; seyed Hassan Shojaee_divkalaee; Emamali Shabani; Reza Shajariqasemkheili
Abstract
The creation of Nizamiyah schools with its specific political and religious goals led most of the researches conducted regarding these schools to investigate the goals and functions of these schools. While the establishment of these schools with its many components required a lot of financial resources; ...
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The creation of Nizamiyah schools with its specific political and religious goals led most of the researches conducted regarding these schools to investigate the goals and functions of these schools. While the establishment of these schools with its many components required a lot of financial resources; The economic aspects of Nizamiyah schools, including the provision of financial resources and the effective factors in providing these financial resources, especially the role and performance of Khaje Nizam al-Mulk in carrying out this task, have received less attention from researchers. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to examine the role and performance of Khaje Nizam al-Mulk in providing financial resources for Nizamiyah schools, and in order to achieve this goal, this research aims to propose and answer the question. What was the role of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in providing financial resources for Nizamiyah schools and what resources did he use to achieve this important goal? The findings of the research show that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk provided financial support for military schools in two ways.
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nabi omidi; Ayoub Menati
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the position and importance of Pahlavi era development plans to regional development in the country. This qualitative research and data collection method was in the form of documentary and library studies and is used to analyze the hermonic method. In the ...
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the position and importance of Pahlavi era development plans to regional development in the country. This qualitative research and data collection method was in the form of documentary and library studies and is used to analyze the hermonic method. In the first Program, the regional planner was limited, in the second Program, as the main strategy, and in the third Program, with the creation of regional and provincial structures of the program organization, it took an institutional form. In the fourth Program and with the transformation of the country into 11 regions, the decentralization policy continued, but in the fourth development Program, due to excessive focus on industry and economic growth, the development of different regions of the country became unbalanced. The fifth program is considered as the turning point of the regional development approach. During this period, Iran's territorial planning plan was prepared in cooperation with Setiran company, which led to the preparation of Iran's vision document in 2012. Despite the successes of the development programs, especially the third and fourth programs and the experience of economic growth and sustainable industrial development, which was accompanied by the stabilization of political conditions, the issue of balanced regional development was not carried out properly. During the fifth program and during the preparation of the sixth program, , studies related to Town and Country Planning and regional development problems were identified in the previous Programs. Based on this, three national, regional and local levels were prepared in the program. The direction of this regional development program was based on national goals. Of course, this program did not reach the stage of approval and implementation due to the revolution of 1979 despite its formulation.
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Alireza Ashtari tafreshi; Reza Jahanshahlou; Eftekhar Gasemzadeh
Abstract
During the reign of Burji Mamluk in Egypt, confiscation of property by order of the sovereign, which had precedents in the Islamic world and Egypt before, entered a serious field in the political economy of Egypt, in a way that was a common phenomenon in the politics and economy of the Mamluk era. The ...
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During the reign of Burji Mamluk in Egypt, confiscation of property by order of the sovereign, which had precedents in the Islamic world and Egypt before, entered a serious field in the political economy of Egypt, in a way that was a common phenomenon in the politics and economy of the Mamluk era. The property confiscation had different political and economic motives in this period; the present research has tried to study and explain the accounts related to confiscation in this era with a library and a descriptive-analytical method, with an emphasis on sources from the Mamluk era in order to answer the main question: What were the reasons and political and economic grounds for the confiscation of property in Egypt during the Burji Mamluk period?. This study examines an important part of the numerous and diverse reports related to confiscation in the Burji Mamluk era in order to explain the relationship of this economic phenomenon with the political atmosphere in the Mamluk era from the perspective of the complex relationships between the sultans, emirs, and Mamluk agents in a governance with a competitive rather than hereditary structure, and even to determine the impact of the macro-process of the world economy of that era, especially the European maritime trade between the East and the West via the Red Sea-Mediterranean and the coasts of Egypt, at a point in history when Egypt's economic power had declined due to various external and internal factors.
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Sajjad Shalsouz; hamid karamipour
Abstract
The expansion of economic relations between Germany and Iran during Reza Shah's period was the result of various causes. Including Germany's need for economic revival, which was the supply of raw materials to achieve this goal and also the nationalist ideology that both political structures were equipped ...
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The expansion of economic relations between Germany and Iran during Reza Shah's period was the result of various causes. Including Germany's need for economic revival, which was the supply of raw materials to achieve this goal and also the nationalist ideology that both political structures were equipped with. After the visit of German Economy Minister Dr. Hjalmar Schacht from Tehran, these relations were organized and developed according to a specific plan. The important questions that this article deals with are that: In what areas have the economic relations between the two countries been developed? And what effects did Dr. Schacht 's visit to Iran and his economic plan have on these relations? In this research, first of all, the background and factors of the rapprochement between Nazi Germany and Iran during the period of Reza Shah are investigated, and then while examining Germany's position in Iran's economy until Dr. Schacht's arrival in Iran, his economic plan and his visit to Iran are discussed, and then Germany's economic relations from 1936 until the fall of Reza Shah are studied.
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ehsanollah khadivi; Alireaz mollaiy tavani; hamid basirat manesh; mahmood Bigdeli
Abstract
Abstract:The review of the researches conducted in the field of the history of the drafting of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran shows the prominent role of justice-loving thoughts and tendencies in the writing of the economic-oriented principles of the Constitution. With the victory of ...
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Abstract:The review of the researches conducted in the field of the history of the drafting of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran shows the prominent role of justice-loving thoughts and tendencies in the writing of the economic-oriented principles of the Constitution. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, one of the most necessary things was determining the principles of the political system, the governing frameworks and the basic structures of the new system, including social, economic, political and cultural. Based on this, Imam Khomeini commissioned the provisional government to form the Constituent Assembly and lay the groundwork for drafting the constitution. After the drafting of the constitution, people, political parties and groups criticized it extensively by issuing statements and also preparing pamphlets and writing letters. Ummat magazine, based on the commonalities it had with the ruling Islamist groups, especially in the era before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, to stabilize the dominant Islamic discourse and to establish the main lines of Iran's economic system on the basis of three sectors: government, cooperative and private. Also, clarifying the ownership situation in the economic principles of the new constitution helped. The purpose of this article is to help to understand the discourse of Umm magazine and the extent of the influence of Umm magazine, the organ of the militant Muslim movement, on the drafting process and especially the approval of the economic principles of the constitution of the Islamic Republic. The research method in this article is using the discourse analysis method and the data collection tool is a library.Keywords: Constitution, economic principles, ownership, militant Muslim movement, Ummat magazine.
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Kazem Meyghani; maryam bolandi; Foad Pouraryan; mirhadi hosseini
Abstract
In the cycle of the oil industry, investment on human power and matters related to employee recruitment is targeted and always affects this industry in an inseparable way.With the discovery of oil in Masjid Sulaiman (1287 S/1908 AD) and the construction of a refinery in Abadan, the issue of large-scale ...
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In the cycle of the oil industry, investment on human power and matters related to employee recruitment is targeted and always affects this industry in an inseparable way.With the discovery of oil in Masjid Sulaiman (1287 S/1908 AD) and the construction of a refinery in Abadan, the issue of large-scale employment of labor became one of the most serious challenges facing Iran and England Oil Company. This caused employment generation and the presence of a population made up of different ethnicities and nationalities with different social and occupational positions in the oil fields of southern Iran.The Iranian forces, who were not familiar with the oil industry, after being recruited, worked in non-technical jobs of the oil company, and parallel to the Iranian forces, foreigners with better conditions were employed in technical and semi-technical jobs. With the increase in the employment of non-Iranian forces, the issue of Iranianization of the workforce, which was also mentioned in Darcy's concession, was raised and with the extension of the contract in 1312/1933 AD. It was followed more seriously.The basis of this article is based on this axis, in a descriptive-analytical way and by using library sources and authentic documents, considering the social origin and national identity of the employees of Iran and England Oil Company in the years 1908-1953 AD. to payThe findings of the research indicate that the national identity of the employees of Iran and England Oil Company was contrary to the articles of the Darcy contract, and following the protests and training of Iranian experts, it resulted in the gradual Iranianization of the workforce.
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mobina aslroosta; Amirhossein Hatami
Abstract
A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan ...
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A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329) A study of Abolhassan Ibtihaj's Activities during his presidency of the Melli Bank (1321-1329)
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Gholamali pashazadeh
Abstract
The present research seeks to investigate road construction in Azerbaijan and the issue of founding a road construction company and investing in it, suggested during the years 1306 to 1308 AH, towards the end of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's reign. Naser al-Din Shah's advisers aimed to utilize both domestic ...
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The present research seeks to investigate road construction in Azerbaijan and the issue of founding a road construction company and investing in it, suggested during the years 1306 to 1308 AH, towards the end of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's reign. Naser al-Din Shah's advisers aimed to utilize both domestic and foreign capital and link internal roads to the Ottoman and Russian borders without relying on foreign powers. So, in examining the concepts and initiatives put forth for building roads in Azerbaijan, this research addresses how the predicted investment for road construction transformed compared to the past. This research investigates the problem using an explanatory approach, using published and unpublished documents along with historical sources.
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Mojtaba Soltani Ahmadi; mohammad hassan pourghanbar; Ruhollah Solgi
Abstract
Considering the relationship between the type of political government and economic movements in a country, this article is focused on the economic activities of the Rashidian family during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as described in the framework of the descriptive method and based on first-class ...
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Considering the relationship between the type of political government and economic movements in a country, this article is focused on the economic activities of the Rashidian family during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as described in the framework of the descriptive method and based on first-class sources and authentic documents. By examining the efforts of the Rashidians in the field of Iran's economy from the fall of Pahlavi I to the end of Pahlavi II's rule, this study examines the mechanisms of acquiring financial wealth by this family. The result indicates that the mentioned family, which was among the loyal circles and connected to the main core of power, took advantage of the privileges that the centralized autocratic and authoritarian regimes provide to their insiders and supporters. , through the underground economy and taking illegal actions in the form of mainly rent-seeking, brokering and fraud, they obtained significant economic capital over three decades, to the extent that not only they have completely distanced themselves from the middle class, but even at the end of Pahlavi's rule as one of the They were considered very rich families and Iranian oligarchs.
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Reza Javid
Abstract
One of the backgrounds of Iran's constitutional revolution was the emergence of theological discourse that affected the economy and politics of that time. Iran's economic weakness and powerlessness against the expanding global capitalism became evident in the era of privileges, especially with the tobacco ...
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One of the backgrounds of Iran's constitutional revolution was the emergence of theological discourse that affected the economy and politics of that time. Iran's economic weakness and powerlessness against the expanding global capitalism became evident in the era of privileges, especially with the tobacco privilege, and reached its peak. The incident of tobacco was the confrontation of theology against tyranny and colonialism. After the tobacco movement and related to it, a type of economic theology was formed, whose claim was economic self-sufficiency against foreigners, reliance on national production, emphasis on work culture and wealth production. Its teachings were not dissimilar to the teachings of the Protestant religion and the action aimed at the worldly salvation of believers, as well as its impact on the formation of capitalism and western production enterprises. Here, just like what happened to the Protestantism movement, we witness the formation of a type of economic theology that declares its goal to be worldly salvation and self-sufficiency of believers. This article, using Max Weber's analytical and explanatory method regarding the teachings of Protestantism and the conditions for the emergence of capitalist business enterprises in the West, examines the impact of the economic theology of Seyyed Jamaluddin Vaez Esfahani on the formation of economic action and its concrete embodiment in the establishment of " Islamic company".
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Iranian economy in the Islamic period
Jamile yousefi
Abstract
The dinar was the primary stable and valuable currency of the Seljuk Empire. As silver supplies declined, the sultans relied on revenues from conquests and taxes to mint dinars. At their height, they maintained monetary stability by enforcing coinage standards and controlling the gold supply. However, ...
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The dinar was the primary stable and valuable currency of the Seljuk Empire. As silver supplies declined, the sultans relied on revenues from conquests and taxes to mint dinars. At their height, they maintained monetary stability by enforcing coinage standards and controlling the gold supply. However, diminishing reserves, the substitution of dinars with copper coins, and the resulting economic impacts triggered financial crises.This study examines how the replacement of gold dinars with copper coins led to monetary instability inflation, and economic decline. Limited access to silver, the end of territorial expansion, hoarding of gold by elites, and flawed minting policies—which removed high-value coins from circulation—drained the empire's gold reserves. This resulted in debased copper coinage, increased production of low-quality coins, and volatile exchange rates, all of which fueled inflation and undermined financial stability.Drawing on historical sources, numismatic evidence, and economic theories such as Gresham’s Law and the Quantity Theory of Money, this article analyzes the crisis. The findings reveal that both internal factors (such as mismanagement of coinage and elite overexpenditure) and external pressures (like declining silver resources and trade imbalances) led to the monetary collapse. These forces drove the economy toward barter and contributed to the empire’s decline.
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Economy and development
Noureddin Nemati; Amir Hossein Davoodvandi
Abstract
Following the conclusion of the Consortium Agreement, the Iranian government, aiming to alter the terms of oil concessions and to benefit from emerging international opportunities, initiated a new tender with revised conditions. In this context, the Italian company AGIP was selected as the winner and ...
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Following the conclusion of the Consortium Agreement, the Iranian government, aiming to alter the terms of oil concessions and to benefit from emerging international opportunities, initiated a new tender with revised conditions. In this context, the Italian company AGIP was selected as the winner and began its activities in Iran through a joint venture called SIRIP. This collaboration marked an important step toward diversifying Iran’s oil partners and securing a greater share of revenues. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on archival documents, the present study examines the oil-related interactions between Iran and Italy from 1953 to 1979 (1332 to 1357 SH). It seeks to answer the question: How did the oil agreement with Italy influence the oil market and petroleum companies? The hypothesis suggests that the agreement with AGIP and the establishment of SIRIP reflect a deliberate effort by the Iranian government to increase economic gains, compete with Western oil companies, and reinforce an independent oil policy within the framework of economic diplomacy with Europe—particularly Italy.
