Tahqiqāt-e Târix-e Eqtesâdi (Economic History Studies of Iran)

Abstract In the Abbasid Era (between 197- 198 AH), while there were disputes between Al-Ma'mun and Al-Amin, Harbiyya took advantage of this situation and disturbed the peace of Baghdad citizens. This was the main cause of a public-oriented movement, led by two pious reformers named Khalid Daryush and SahIbnSalama al-Ansari. The present paper attempts to reveal the political, social, and economic dimensions and goals of this movement and its consequences in Baghdad in three AH. Studying thebackground of the issue historically, descriptively, and analytically, the present paper explicates that Harbiyya and Mutawwia'sminor movements were the result of political and social insecurities and economicdifficulties people were suffering from in Baghdad in three AH. Such shared movements, despite different leadership styles employed by their leaders, reached some achievements in establishing economic and social security and order; though they were ultimately suppressed.

Abstract Sufi dynasties, after their establishment in Kurdistan, influenced the social atmosphere of the society to a great extent.Through adopting library-oriented and descriptive-analytic research methods,the present studyaims at investigating the status as well as the reasons and the ways through which Sufi orders could penetrate into Kurdish societies. The seniors of these Sufi ordersin Kurdistan, through relying on the supports of the public and eliminating local governments, took numerous measures for increasing their political and social penetration and status in various domains. The results of this study show that these seniors were in bilateral relations with governors and rulers and attempted to meet their satisfaction for the sake of their own interests. Their political and social penetrationbrought about economic gains to them in a way that more and more disciples joined them day by day,and this paved the way for their seniors to come to the social scene.

Abstract Establishment of social peace and security by political systems brings aboutserenity and peace of mind, satisfaction, security and wellbeing for the public, and continuation of political power for the rulers. Depending on circumstances and their capabilities, rulers have always tried to prevent anti-security challenges and ensure the security in their domains through different measures. Qajar dynasty was no exception either. Qajar governments, during their reign, encountered factors which disrupted their security and order and challenged their status. Their reactions to crises consisted of measures taken to reduce unrest and disorder. Despite their tight security measures; however, they failed to establish a durable peace and order for different reasons including the vastness of their territory, the nature of their political structure, presence of internal crises, and complexity of conditions resulting from the presence of foreign powers.Based on historical and itinerary sources, and in a descriptive –analytical manner, the present historical study focuses on some factors which had a role in social unrests during the reign of Nasser-al-din Shah from beginning to the end, and the measures taken by Qajars to establish peace and order. Findings show that the security measures taken by Qajars were mostly based on sending troops to suppress riots, employment of traditional security forces, and imposition of violent punishmentson human agents of the unrest. Given lack of foundations for durable security and inappropriateness of taken actions, social unrest was a recurrent phenomenon during the reign of Qajars.

Abstract ArdaVirafnameh is one the Pahlavi texts of Sassanid era which describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (named ArdaViraf) through the heaven and hell. Although the book contains a religious theme, yet a good number of economic structures of Sassanid system of governance could be found there. The present paper is a library-oriented one which through content analysis seeks to trace economic structures of Sassanid system of governance in the book of ArdaVirafnameh. Accordingly, it aims at evaluating the validity of the book of ArdaVirafnameh. In this study, the economic patterns of the book were initially studied and then compared with the economic structures of Sassanid system of governance. The findings of the study reveal that the economic patterns of the book are in harmony and alignment with the economic structures of Sassanid system of governance. Hence, the book of ArdaVirafnameh could be considered by the researchers as a valid source for studying the economic structures of Sassanid system of governance.

Abstract With Herat being designatedas the capital of the Kingdom of the Timurids, the significance of Khorasanenhancedat that era. The economic conditions of this province thrived as well mainly as a result of Timurid ShahRukh’s civil actions during his relatively long reign. However, after the death of Shah Rukh, Khorasan's economic life was strongly influenced by succession disputes between Timurid princes. Sultan Abu Sa'id, who reached thethrone after a series of disputes, carried out many attempts to repair the destructions and improve the economic situation of Khorasan. Through adopting a historical-analytic method, the presentpaper seeks to introduce the factors affecting the economic life of the province in this era and explicatethe reforming actions of Abu Sa'id and their impacts on the economic status of Khorasan. The findings of the study indicate thatat the end of his rule Sultan Abu Sa'id carried out various actions concerning trade and agricultural development and tax-system reformation. Hence, at this time, Khorasan’s economic life improved due to the relative existing security, regulation of business,and revival of agriculture. Accordingly, for a short period of time,Sultan was able to bestow economic stability, prosperity, development, and progress to Khorasan.

Abstract Qashqai tribe has got an old systematic history as a tribal system. The tribe has been formed based on nomadic life circumstances. Family is the smallest unit of the society and the major core of the tribe. The hierarchical system dominating the marriage issue plays a significant role. Man has the authority and is considered as the ultimate decision-maker. On the other hand, the woman is obedient to her husband and meanwhile plays a decisive role in managing family affairs.Although the family is apparently independent, the influence of relatives in various dimensions and aspects is quite noticeable. In the present study, through taking advantage of library resources and employing a descriptive-analytic research method, we have tried to investigate the major sociological issues of family in Qashqai tribe from a historical standpoint. This study reveals that from a structural viewpoint, family in Qashqai tribe is regarded to be extensive, single-spouse,and patriarchic in which the father has the final say and the marriages are inter-tribal (within the group).