Document Type : .

Author

Associate Professor of History, Department of History, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran.

Abstract

The culture of work and effort in society plays a fundamental role in promoting the dynamism of societies, And the participation of different classes in production is the main factor in the development of economic and social health. Based on this, this subject focuses on the culture of work and effort in ancient Iran until find out; What role did women play in production In Achaemenid times? And in what domains and under what occupations they played a role? And another matter; what was the attitude of the Achaemenid community to the work of women? And what are the benefits and wages of working women to men? So by examining the tablets of Persepolis, and also with the approach to some historical reports and based on describing and analyzing the available documents and records of the achievements of this research is that; women, like men, have been busy with diverse jobs, and because there was no prohibition on the entry of women into a particular profession and the skill and performance of individuals in their work determined their superiority Women In some businesseshad a remarkable number even from men also were better. They were sometimes chaired by the managers of the workshops on a population of men and women. They were sometimes were managers of the workshops as superior on a population of men and women.

Keywords

Arfaei, Abdolmajid(2008) (2008) Persepolis fortified manuscripts (texts of Teh. & Fort.), Tehran; The Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
Athenaeus(1854), The Deipnosophists, Translated by C.D.Yonge,BOOK XII,XIII, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Avesta The oldest Iranian songs(2008), Translated by; Jalil Doostkhah, Vo;;I.II. Tehran; Morvarid press
Bleibtreu, E, (1999),“Ein vergoldeter silber becher der ziet Assurbanipalis im Miho museum, Histrorische Darstellungendes 7,Jahrh underts v. chr”, Archiv fur orient fors chong (Beiheft) XXVIII.
BRIANT, PIERRE(2015), DARIUS IN THE SHADOW OF ALEXANDER ,translated by; JANE MARIE TODD, Harvard university press, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, LONDON, ENGLAND
BRIANT. PIERRE(2002),From Cyrus To Alexander, A History of Persian Empire, Translated by: peter T. Daniels, Winona Lake, Indiana, Eisenbra. Eisenbrauns.
Brosius, Maria (2014), Achaemenid women, translated by Hayedeh Mashayekh, Tehran, Hermes Publication.
Brosius, Maria (2021), A history of ancient Persia : the Achaemenid empire, Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐Blackwell,
Brosius, Maria(2010), "WOMEN i.In pre-Islamic Persia, Encyclopaedia Iranica,London and New York.
Cameron , David . (2013) , Encyclopedia Of Persian Women From Ancient To Modern Islamic Times ,Their Customs , Belief And Traditions ,Volume 2 , Koros Press Limited ,London ,Uk.
Cameron, George G(1948), Persepolis Treasury Tablets, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,ILINOISE,
Cook, John Manuel (2004), The Achaemenid Empire, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran; Ghoghnos Publication.
Curtis,John, Simpson ,St John.(2010) ,The World Of Achaemenid Persia,I.B.TAUIS And Go Ltd 6Salem Road , london WZ4BU 175 Fifth Avenue.New York NY 10010.
Daems.A.,(2001),The iconography of pre-Islamic women in Iran, Iranica Antiqua, Vol: xxxvi,pp;1-151.
Daryaee, Touraj (2007), "Women in the Achaemenid Period, Some Preliminary Considerations", Journal of Archeology and History, Volume 22, Number 1, Year 21, Number 2.
ELGOOD, CYRIL(1951), A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932 (Cambridge Library Collection - History of Medicine) Reissue Edition, CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS .
Fereydoun Pourbehman (2007) , Clothing in ancient Iran, Translated by Hajar Zia Sikaroudi, Tehran:Amirkabir Publication
Garrison, Mark B., Cool Root.,Margaret, (2001),   Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Volume 1, Images of Heroic Encounter, part 1, Oriental Institute Publications.
 Hallock, R.T, )1985),” The evidence of the Persepolis Tablets”, The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2: The Median And Achaemenian Periods. edited by Ilya Gershevitch, Cambridge University Press.
Hallock,R.T(1969), Persepolis fortification text, Oriental Institute Publication Vol:XCII, Chicago,The University of Chicago Press.
Hejazi, Banafshe,(2006), History of the status of women in ancient Iran, Tehran:Ghaside sara Publication
Henkelman, W(2008a), The other God who are, studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Leiden university, Achaemenid History 14.
Herodotus, (2019),The History Of Herodotus Translated By; G. C. Macaulay. This edition was created and published by Global Grey.
Herzfeld, Ernst Emil (2002), Iran in the ancient East, translated by Homayoun Sanatizadeh, Tehran; Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies Publication.
Hinz, Walther (2010), Dariush And Irianian, translated by Parviz Rajabi, Tehran; Mahi Publication
Karvonen-Kannas, K. (1995), The Seleucid and Parthian Terracotta Figurines from Babylon in the Iraq Museum, the British Museum, and the Louvre, Florence,
Kavyani Pooya, Hamid, (2014) History of Medicine of Ancient Iran, Tehran, Al-Maei Publication.
Keall, Edward John, (1970)The Significance of late Parthian Nippur, Phd Theses, the university of Michigan,
Kent,Ronald(1953).Old Persian:gramer texts,lexcon,American oriental society,new haven,
Khademi, Laia, Hassani, Mirza Mohammad (2016), "Women's Economic Activities in Achaemenid Iran", Tarikhnegar Jiurnal, No;20
Koch, Heidemarie (2008), from tongue of Dariush, translated by Parviz Rajabi, Tehran; Published by Amirkabir.
Mason, Mikhail and Galina Pogachenkova (2005), Parthian Raytons of Nessa, translated by Roya Tajbakhsh and Shahram Hyderabadian, Bija: Baztab Andishe Publication.
Mohammadi, Hashem (2003), Article "Medicine in Ancient Iran", Ferdowsi Magazine, No. 11 and 10.
Negahban, E(1968),“Pottery Figurines of Marlik” in Memorial Volume of the Vth International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, 11th-18th April 1968, Tehran, Ministry of Culture:p.142-52.
Olmstead,A.T.,(1948), History of the Persian Empire, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London.
Potts, Daniel T,(2006), The Archaeology of Elam, Translated by;Zahra Basti, Tehran:Samt
 Quintus Curtius(1943), History Of Alexender, Translated by: John C.Rolfe,  London, William Heinemann Ltd,Harvard University Press.
Rajabi, Parviz, (2001) The Lost Millennia, Volume 3, Tehran, Toos Publishing.
Razi, Hashem, (2002) Encyclopedia of Ancient Iran, Vol. 1, Tehran, Sokhan
Sami, Ali (2009), Achaemenid Civilization, Volume 2, Tehran, Samat Publication.
The third book of Dēnkard (2005), the second book, translated by Fereydoun Fazilat, Tehran, Mehraein Publication.
Vameghi, Iraj (2006), "Labor in ancient Iran based on Persepolis tablets", Journal of Political-Economic Information
Wiesehöfer, Josef(2001), ANCIENT PERSIA from 550 BC to 650, AD, Translated By: AzizehAzodi, I.B. Tauris Publishers, London& Newyork.
Xenophon,(2013), Anabasis, Translated by: Dakyns, H. G, Dedicated To Rev. B. Jowett, M.A.Master of Balliol College Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford