The strategic and economic position of Cilicia in the Achaemenid period

Imanpour, Mohammad-Taghi; Mehrabi, Tahmores

doi:10.30465/sehs.2021.35206.1683

Document Type : .

Authors

¹ Professor of Ancient History, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashad, Iran

² Phd student, of Ancient History of Iran,. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad ,Mashhad, Iran

https://doi.org/10.30465/sehs.2021.35206.1683

Abstract

After the conquest of Lydia and its capital Sardis by Cyrus the Great in 547 BCE, almost all parts of Asia Minor, including Cilicia in southern Asia Minor, came under Persian rule.Although the syennesis dynasty, the rulers of Cilicia were able to maintain their hereditary sovereignty over this land to some extent as semi-independent by helping Cyrus conquer Sardis, but the geopolitical and economic position of Cilicia caused the Achaemenids to pay special attention to this land from the very beginning.Because, being on the trade route, which on the one hand to connect the sea routes in the Mediterranean to the royal road and on the other hand that connected Asia Minor to northern Syria and the Mesopotamia, had made Cilicia a center of trade and played an important role in the economic development of the Achaemenid Empire.However, despite the position and economic importance of this land in the Achaemenid period, but so far no independent research has been done in this regard. Therefore, by looking at the geographical and geopolitical location of Cilicia, and using ancient historical reports and archaeological data and based on the method of historical research in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the trade and economic status of Cilicia in the Achaemenid period.

Keywords

References

Abrams, Dennis (2008), Ancient World Leaders: Xerxes, New York: Infobase Publishing.

Anson, Edward M. (1988). " Antigonus, the Satrap of Phrygia". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Franz Steiner Verlag. Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 471-477.

Arrian, (1983). The Anabasis of Alexander, Liteally translared by E. J. Chinnock, M.A., LL.B., London: Butler & Tanner.

Back, Michael. (1978). Acta Iranica, troisième série, Volume VIII. Leiden: diffusion E.J.brill.

Balcer, Jack Martin (1994). " Herodotus, the 'Early State,' and Lydia". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Franz Steiner Verlag, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 246-249.

Baslez, M F (1985), "Presence et traditions iraniemies dans U cites de I'lLgec" KEA 87/1-2: 56-137.

Beal, Richard H (1992). "The Location of Cilician Ura", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 42, pp. 65-73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642951.

Boyce, Mary (1982). A History of Zoroastrianism. Volume two. Under the achaemenians. Leiden/ Koln: E.J. Brill.

Briant, Pierre (2002), From Cyrus to Alexander: a history of the Persian Empire, translated by Peter T. Daniels, United States of America.

Briant, Pierre (2012), "From the Indus to the Mediterranean: The Administrative Organization and Logistics of the Great Roads of the Achaemenid Empire", Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-Modern World, Edited by Susan E. Alcock, et al, Wiley & Sons, 185-201.

Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians an Introduction, London and New York: Routledge.

Burn., A. R. (1984), Persia and the Greeks1. Oxford.

Calik, Ayse. (1997). Roman Imperial sculpture from Cilicia. Vol 1. London: King’s College.

Casabonne, Olivier (1996). "Notes ciliciennes. In: Anatolia Antiqua", doi : https://doi.org/10. 3406 /anata. Tome 4, pp. 111-119.

Ctesias (2010), Ctesias’ History of Persia: Tales of the Orient, translated with commentaries by lloyd Lewellyn-Jones and James Robson, Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge.

Curtis, John (2003). "Draft The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq" Colloque L’archéologie de l’empire achéménide, Paris, Collège de France, pp 1-20.

Curtius, Quintus (1962). Books I-V. with an English translation by John C, Rolfe, Litt.D. in two volumes. London: Harvard University Press.

Davesne Alain, Lemaire André, Lozachmeur Hélène(1987). "Le site archéologique de Meydancikkale (Turquie) ; du rovaume de Pirindu à la garnison ptolémaïque. année" In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 131ᵉ N. 2. pp. 359-383.

Edelman, Diana (2005). The Origins of the ‘Second’ Temple, London: Equinox.

Forbes, T. B. (1983). Urartian Architecture. Oxford (BAR International Series 170).

Frye, Richard N (1965), History of civilization: the heritage of Persia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 20 New bond street London Wi.

Georges, Pericles B (2000). "Persian Ionia under Darius: The Revolt Reconsidered". Published by Franz Steiner Verlag. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 1-39.

Graf, David F (1994), “The Persian Royal Road System”, in: H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt & M.C. Root (eds.), Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change, Nederland Instituut Foor Het Nabije Oosten, Leiden, pp. 167-189.

Grainger, John D (2007). Alexander the Great Failure, The Collapse of the Macedonian Empire. New York: Hambledon Continuum.

Haim Gitler and Andre Lemaire (2003). "The Levant, Phoenicia and Palestine in the Persian Period", Madrid, pp. 151–175.

Hermann Hunger and Robartus Van Der Spek (2006). "An astronomical diary concerning Artaxerxes II, Military Operations in Babylonia1". Arta 2006.002. Juin, pp 1-16.

Herodotus (1890), The history of Herodotus, Translated into English by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. in two volumes, New York: Cambridge.

Hyland, John. (2008). "Pharnabazos, Cyrus’ Rebellion, and the Spartan War of 399". Arta 2008.003. Madrid, pp 1-26.

Imanpour, M.T (2002-2003), "The Medes and Persian: Were the Persian ever Ruled by the Medes,” Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, the International Journal of Ancient Iranian studies, Volume 2, No. 2, pp. 61-79.

Isidore of Charax (1914), Parthian stations Isidore of Charax, The Greek Text, With A Translation and Commentary by Wilfred H. Schoff, Philadelphia: Published by the Commercial Museum.

Kent, R. G (1953), Old Persian, Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, American Oriental Society: New Haven/ Connecticut.

Kuhrt, Amelie (2007), The Persian Empire, London and New York: Taylor & Francis Routledge.

Lincoln, Bruce (2007). Religion, Empire, and Torture. Chicago.

Lintz, Yannick (2010)."The Archer Coins: A Closer Examination of Achaemenid Art in Asia Minor", The world of Achaemenid Persia. Edited by John Curtis and St John Simpson. London & New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.

Luckeubill, D.D (1973), Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia, Volume II, 2nd Reprinting by Careenwood Publication: New York.

Murray, O (1988), "The Ionian revolt." CAH 42:pp 90-461.

Nicholas, Rauh K et al (2009). "Life in the Truck Lane: Urban Development in Western Rough Cilicia", http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub, Anthropology Faculty Publications, pp 253-307.

Nichols, Andrew (2008). The Complete fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus: Translation and commentary with an introduction. United states: ProQuest LLC.

Poolos, Jamie (2008), Darius the Great, New York: Infobase Publishing.

Poots, D.T (2004). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press.

Roaf, M.D (1983). Sculptures and Sculptors at Persepolis, Iran XXI, London.

Rollinger, Robert (2004). The Median “Empire”, the End of Urartu and Cyrus’ the Great Campaign in 547 B.C. (Nabonidus Chronicle II 16), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Ancient Cultural Relations Between Iran and West Asia. Tehran: press. pp 1-13.

Steinherr, F (1958). "Die Urartaischen Bronzen von Altintepe". Anatolia III: pp 97-102.

Summers, G. D (1993). " Archaeological Evidence for the Achaemenid Period in Eastern Turkey". British Institute at Ankara, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 43, pp. 85-108

Van Alfen, Peter G (2005). "Herodotus’ “Aryandic” Silver and Bullion Use in PersianPeriod Egypt". AJN Second Series 16-17. pp. 7-46. the American Numismatic Society.

Weiskopf, Michael (2012). “Cilicia,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, EncIr, E. Yarshater, V/6, pp. 561-563

Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009a). "Greeks and Persians", A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans Van Wees , Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. PP 162-185.

Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009b). "The Achaemenid Empire", The Dynamics of Ancient Empires, State Power from Assyria to Byzantium, Edited by Ian Morris and Walter Scheidel, New York: Oxford. pp 66-99.

Xenophon (1969). Cyropaedia. In two volumes. With an English translation by Walter Miller. London: William Heinemann, New York: The Macmillan Co. Mcmxiv. Stanford University library.

Tahqiqāt-e Târix-e Eqtesâdi (Economic History Studies )

The strategic and economic position of Cilicia in the Achaemenid period

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
June 2021
Pages 25-48

The strategic and economic position of Cilicia in the Achaemenid period

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19June 2021Pages 25-48

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
June 2021
Pages 25-48