Document Type : .

Author

Assistant professor of history, Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz. ahvaz.Iran

Abstract

There exists meagre, unclear, and ambiguous information on a wide range of issues concerning the history of Iran throughout the Parthian period. Research on family structure and kinship marriage in this period also suffers from such a paucity. Some sources such as Avoraman Parchment, Bobylonian documents (i.e.,cuneiform tablets), and also Greek and Roman sources make us acquainted with a number of Royal Family women in Parthian period. Besides, such sources shed some lights on how kinship marriages were practiced among royal kings and queens. However, different, and sometimes, contradictory interpretations drawn from such sources give rise to different results and explications regarding kinship marriages in the aforementioned period. The present inquiry mainly seeks to delve into and analyze kinship marriages, in particular, incest ones in Parthian period. According to the findings, in the period under investigation, in an attempt to maintain the old Iranian traditions and attach importance to the preservation and continuity of the House, generation purity, and endogamy marriages as well, kinship marriages, especially, incest ones were the common practice among the members of Parthian Royal House. There is no valid information about the popularity and manner of such marriages among the common people. The love story of Vis and Ramin and the epic scripts of Ayadgar-i Zariran, as the scripts whose Parthian roots have been confirmed, offer some evidence to support the initial claim of the paper

Keywords

Bigwood, J.M, (2004), “Some Parthian Queens in Greek and Babylonian Documents”, Iranica Antiqua, XLIII, 236-274.
Binam (1369), The Social Life of Women in the History of Iran, First Office: Before Islam, Tehran, Cultural Research Office, Amirkabir Publications.
Bivar, D (2001), "Political History of Iran in the Parthian Period", in: History of Iran from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid state, pp. 200-123, Volume 3 - Part 1, Cambridge University Research, compiled by Ehsan Yarshater, translated by Hassan Anousheh, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications.
Boyce, Mary (2001), "Parthian Writings and Literature", in: History of Iran from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid government, pp. 753-735, Volume 3 - Part 2, Cambridge University Research, compiled by Ehsan Yarshater, translated by Hassan Anousheh, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications
Brosius,   Maria, (2000), “Women i. in pre-Islamic Persia”,  Encyclopedia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater,
Brusius, Maria, (2002), Achaemenid women, translated by Hayedeh Mashayekh, Tehran, Hermes Publications.
Dabrowa, E, (2018), “Arsacid dynastic marriages”, Electrum, vol. 25, pp. 73-83.
Diakonov, M.M. (1999), Parthians, translated by Karim Keshavarz, Tehran, Payam Publications.     
Dubois, Nelson (1396), Parthian Political History, translated by Ali Asghar Hekmat, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani (2010), Weiss and Ramin, with introduction, correction and annotation by Mohammad Roshan, Tehran, Sada-e Moaser Publications.
Gotshmid, Alfred (1379), History of Iran and its neighboring countries from the time of Alexander to the extinction of the Parthians, translated by Kikaus Jahandari, Tehran, Phoenix Publications.
Gregoratti, L, (2012), “Parthian women in Flavius Josephus”, in Martina Hischberger (ed), Jüdisch-hellenistische literature in ihrem interkulturellen context, Peter lang vergal: 183-192.
Hjerrild, Bodil. (2002), studies in zoroastrian family low, university of Copenhagen.
Kambakhshfard, Saifullah (1998), Parthian zebras, Tehran, University Publishing Center.
Malcolm, College (1374), Parthian, translated by Massoud Rajabunya, Tehran, Book World.
Mazaheri, Ali Akbar (1998), The Iranian Family in the Pre-Islamic Era, ‌ Translated by Abdullah Tavakol, Tehran, Qatreh Publishing.
Minorski, and (2010), "Weiss and Ramin, the love story of the party", in: Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani, Weiss and Ramin, with introduction and correction by Mohammad Roshan, pp. 474-415, Tehran, Sada-e Moaser Publications.
Moayeri, Hayedeh (2002), Moghan in Ancient History, Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Mohammadifar, Yaghoub (2010), Parthian Archeology and Art, Tehran, Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books, Center for Research and Development of Humanities.
Naderi, Farshid, (1397a), "Principles and roots of the Shah's legitimacy in the Parthian period", Scientific-Research Quarterly of the History of Islam and Iran, Al-Zahra University, Vol. Pp. 131-107.
Naderi, Farshid, (1397b), "A Study and Critique of Yousef Veleski's Writings on the History and Culture of Parthian Iran", Critical Research Journal of Humanities Texts and Programs, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Scientific-Research Monthly, Year 18, Issue 10, December Moon, pp. 290-271.
Navabi, Mahyar (2008), Yadegar Zariran, Pahlavi text with Persian translation and Latin transliteration and its comparison with Shahnameh, Tehran, Asatir Publications.
Pakbaz, Hanieh, Mahshid Mirfakhraei and Mohsen Abolghasemi (2000), "Study of the role of the Moghans in the religion and history of Iran", Knowledge of Religions, Ninth Year, Second Issue, 34, Spring, pp. 142-127.
Pirnia, Hassan (2012), History of Ancient Iran (Detailed History of Ancient Iran), Volume 3, Tehran, Negah Publications.
Plutarch (1990), The Life of Famous Men, translated by Reza Mashayekhi, Volume 3, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Rajabi, Parviz (2002), The Lost Millennia, Volume 4 (Parthians), Tehran, Toos Publications.
Safaee, Yazdan, (2018). “Achaemenid women: putting the Greek image to the test”, Talanta, XLVIII-XLIX (2016-2017), PP. 101-132.
Shahpourshahbazi, Alireza, "The Legend of In-Marriage in Ancient Iran", Journal of Archeology and History, Fall and Winter 2000 and Spring and Summer 2001, Volume 15, Number 2-1, Consecutive (30-29), pp. 9-28.
Shaki, Mansour, (1999),”Family law, i. in Zoroastrianism” Encyclopedia Iranica, v. IX, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, bibliotenca Persian press.
Shipman, Klaus (2005), Principles of Parthian History, translated by Houshang Sadeghi, Tehran, Farzan Rooz Publishing and Research.
Spooner, B. (1966), “Iranian kinship and marriage”, Iran journal of the British Institute of Persian studies. Vol 4.
Strugnell, E, (2008), “Thea Mousa: Roman Queen of Parthia”, Iranica Antiqua, XLIII, PP. 275-298.
Unvala, N.R, (1922), Darab Hormazyar, S Rivayat, 2Vol, Bambay.
Vamaghi, Iraj (Bita), "Discussion about the Avestan word Khwit and Dath", in: Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi Celebration, Tehran, Toos Publications, pp: 472- 455.
Van in Ashpek, Robertos. J (2013), "Cuneiform documents on the history of the Parthians: Rahimsoo archive, data for the study of ordinary life", in: Parthian Empire and its documents and sources ", compiled by Yousef Wieshofer, translated by Arezoo Rasouli (Taleghani), Tehran, Farzanourooz Publishing and Research .
Veleski, Yousef (1383), Parthian Empire, translated by Morteza Saghebfar, Tehran, Phoenix Publications.
Yarshater, Ehsan (2001), "Preface", in: History of Iran from the Seleucids to the collapse of the Sassanid state, pp. 101-9, Volume 3 - Part 1, Cambridge University Research, compiled by Ehsan Yarshater, translated by Hassan Anousheh, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications.
Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein (1998), History of the Iranian people, Volume I, Tehran, Amirkabir Publications, Tehran.